You go to a thread and see that the current poster in that thread is not on the page number indicated. For example if I make a post but the last poster on that thread is another user, you have to manually enter in the correct page number to see that person's post.
Here is an example
Girls club thread in CTFG: https://www.fakku.net/forums/chat-topics-and-forum-games/fakku-girls-club-v4-xd/page/1844
The last user post looks like one user, but if you manually enter in the next page it is actually another user: https://www.fakku.net/forums/chat-topics-and-forum-games/fakku-girls-club-v4-xd/page/1845
There most commonly seen in IB and CTFG, though I've seen it in other area's as well. Usually if the thread is a high trafficked thread or has a lot of edits/deleted posts. Not sure if the deleted posts/edits causes the missing page to happen, it's just a theory.
The maintenance bug may also have something to do with it as well where you try to make a post and you go to the "maintenance page" even though you know that there is no maintenance being done at the time. Your post is technically in the system, but it won't show up for a bit and it's long after other's have posted. Won't even show up in notifications if you're quoting. Refreshing to make your post appear causes multiple posts to occur.