First of all, rofl at quoting from Dan Brown as a critique against catholic religion.
As I also studied religion at University I hope I can make you understand that things are a little different than in Dan Brown's fiction or other superficial critique about 'God's care'. About the case you presented, the parents Dan Brown talks about are not really catholic. In the new testament you find the perfect example on the official point of view of catholicism,- one of the temptations of christ: the devil asks jesus to jump from the temple and, as he is in 'god's care' the god's angels will catch him and he won't die. The devil asks jesus to act just like the parents who prefer to leave their son untreated, in 'god's care' so if god wishes he could make him healthy. Well, jeses says : 'do not tempt your god (do not put your god to test)'. And so, a completely different point of view. Catholicism and other primordial christian religions don't see this life on earth as a life where god fulfills your wishes, a sweet,easy and happy life; but as a life of test, where one should learn to become mature, virtuous and humble. And that the real life comes only after death, that is only a passage to something better and righteous. So death is bad only because it;s a loss to the people left behind.
Another thing, a lot of the saints from the first centuries were doctors, and that title is clear that they didn't cure their pacients with prayers, but with the scientific methods of the time.
Well, this is how the majority of the christian religions see death and 'god's care', at least at theological and philosophical level.
In judaism you have the book of job which covers the same theme - 'god's care' for the human. job was an honest man but the devil and god made a bet about how virtuous really is job, so job lost his wealth, his family, his health, and above all, - his hentai collection. the rest of the story is how some guys come to him and they all talk about what's right and wrong, what's good and evil, about divine punishment and 'god's care'. everyone with his own version about how things are. the conclusion is that jehovah means literally 'the one who is'. that good and evil are only human concepts gained from the apple from eden which works only at human level, this way of seeing things is to narrow to understand god's will and the grandeur of the wotrd and all the living.
I'm not catholic, neither am i a jew, but if you want to criticise something it's better if you understand what you criticise. I'm not a religious person but I find the atheists that criticise religions withound understanding them are like the religious people who criticise science without knowing anything about it.
And, about the main topic. religion and science are by definition incompatible. science is based on induction: you take a number of repetitive events, you establish a general law and then you verify that law with new events. If the predictions match, and it's according to mathematical logic correct, than the law is correct.
religions are based on miracles. that means : extraordinary events that escape from the common sense, repetitive events that science is based on. If science manages to explain a miracle, than it wouldn't be a miracle - it would be a special/rare event, but a normal one.
And science doesn't have ultimate truths (yet). My major is mathematics and I know just how full of flaws and paradoxes is mathematical logic when you try to reach its deepest, basic concepts. And how science becomes weird when it stretches these mathematical logic concepts n extreme situations (quantum mechanics, black holes, universe expansion).
The conclusion is very simple. Don't take for granted everything you hear. If you don't want a superficial opinion, or to repeat what others have said, don't be a hypocrite, read the right lectures and think with your own head.