@hereforhentai: if you loved my first wall of text, you'll love this one. However, I noticed that some of my numbers are wrong. It was actually 75 Spartans selected out of 150 for the augmentation process, with less than half of the 75 who made it through the final augmentation process.
Here's a pretty accurate list of Spartans that came out through the augmentation procedure and the current status of each, which I thought it be interesting for others to know what truly happened to the Spartans at the end:
Adriana-111 - MIA in Cole Protocol, as no further info is given after with Jai and Mike
Alice-130 - MIA in Halo Wars, as no further info is given after with Douglas and Jerome
Anton-044 - KIA in First Strike, onboard the Ascendant Justice protecting the dropbay with Li
Cassandra-075 - MIA/WIA in Fall of Reach, undergoing medial procedures to be on duty at the M25L Recovery Station
Douglas-042 - MIA in Halo Wars, as no further info is given after with Alice and Jerome
Fred-104 - MIA in Ghosts of Onyx, in the shield world of Onyx with Kelly and Linda
Grace-093 - KIA in First Strike, onboard the Unyielding Hierophant by brutes
Issac-039 - presumed KIA in First Strike, on Reach as he and Vinh were covering Blue Team's 6
Jai-006 - MIA in Cole Protocol, as no further info is given after with Adriana and Mike
James-[Redacted] - presumed MIA or KIA
Jerome-092 - MIA in Halo Wars, as no further info is given after with Alice and Douglas
John-117 - MIA in space, waiting for someone to pick up his capsule one day
Joshua-029 - KIA in First Strike, gunned down on Reach in his banshee
Kelly-087 - MIA in Ghosts of Onyx, in the shield world of Onyx with Linda and Fred
Kurt-051 - KIA in Ghosts of Onyx, on Onyx through detonation of nuclear mines
Li-008 - KIA in First Strike, onboard the Ascendant Justice protecting the dropbay with Anton
Linda-058 - MIA in Ghosts of Onyx, in the shield world of Onyx with Kelly and Fred
Malcolm-059 - KIA in First Strike, on Reach and died on impact from jumping from a Pelican
Maria-062 - only spartan not in military duty, and leads a "normal" life as a researcher for weapons and is married. (O_O)
Mike-[Redacted] - MIA in Cole Protocol, as no further info is given after with Adriana and Jai
Randall-[Redacted] - presumed MIA or KIA
Samuel-034 - KIA in Fall of Reach, the first Spartan casualty while boarding a Covenant ship
Sheila-[Redacted] - presumed MIA or KIA
Vinh-030 - presumed KIA in First Strike, on Reach as she and Issac were covering Blue Team's 6
William-043 - KIA in Ghosts of Onyx, on Onyx by a Hunter blast
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Nicole-458 [non-canon, from the game Dead or Alive 4]
(Yes, they're all supposed to be designated as MIA by ONI regulations for morale purposes, but here MIA denotes actual MIA not WIA or KIA.)
Here's a more definitive list of Spartans that were too disabled for active duty after the augmentation process:
Fhajad-084 - WIA
Kirk-018 - WIA
Rene-005 - WIA
Yasmine Zaman-[Redacted] - WIA
If anything is wrong or lacking, please tell me, and I'll update the list. I got a lot of my info from the Halo Encyclopedia, wikipedia, Halo.wikia, and my knowledge/memory of the novels. I actually bought the Halo Encyclopedia - too good to pass up. It's a fucking awesome book of 350 pages, with huge illustrations and lots of detailed info on the Haloverse: